The Forces Driving An Organization - 1599 Words

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Convergence of Military Revolutions - 1409 Words

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The occurrence of primary and secondary salinity and their impacts on water resources Essay Example For Students

The occurrence of primary and secondary salinity and their impacts on water resources Essay Outline1 Introduction.2 Outline3 Discussion4 Primary Salt5 Lake Eyre Basin, South Australia6 Secondary Salt7 Dryland Salinity8 Katanning District, WA9 Irrigation Salinity10 Sanliurfa-Harran Plain Turkey11 Combined Salt12 Impacts13 Decisions14 Mentions Introduction. Salt, one of the major H2O crises happening around the Earth, is the high concentration of entire dissolved solids ( TDS ) , such as Na and Cl, in dirts and H2O ( Rose, 2004 ) . Salinity is a critical and prevailing job impacting Australia, endangering the Australian natural environment and the sustainability of productive agricultural countries ( Bridgman, Dragovish, A ; Dodson, 2008 ; McDowell, 2008 ) . This can be attributed to of course high saline degrees in the dirts ( McDowell, 2008 ; Pannell, 2001 ) . Across the Earth, in states such as in America, Iran, Pakistan, India and China, big concentrations of salt have accumulated over clip due to rainfall, stone weathering, sea H2O invasion and aerosol sedimentations ( Table 1 ) ( Beresford et al. , 2001 ; H A ; uuml ; lsebusch et al. , 2007 ) . Dryland salt, a signifier of secondary salt, has peculiarly become a major job worldwide ( Beresford et al. , 2001 ) . Annually, about four million hectares of planetary farming area is a bandoned due to inordinate salt ( Beresford et al. , 2001 ) . Salinity is a widespread job with legion major societal, economic and environmental effects ( Beresford et al. , 2001 ) . Outline This paper will see the happening and impacts of primary and secondary salt on H2O resources. The treatment will get down by concentrating on primary salt, its happening and associated impacts utilizing an illustration from the Lake Eyre Basin, Australia. The following portion of the essay will discourse secondary salt, its happening and impacts utilizing illustrations from Katanning Western Australia ( WA ) and Turkey. Iran and Pakistan will so be examined as illustrations demoing the happening and impacts of both primary and secondary salt. Finally the impacts of salt will be identified and the chief statements of this history summarised. Discussion Primary Salt Primary salt is a natural procedure that affects dirts and Waterss and occurs by and large in parts of the universe where rainfall is deficient to leach salts from the dirt and vaporization or transpiration is high ( McDowell, 2008 ) . In episodes of high vaporization, transpiration and decreased rainfall, salt becomes a job as the volume of H2O lessenings while salt concentrations addition ( Bridgman, Dragovish, A ; Dodson, 2008 ) . Approximately 1000 million hectares, which corresponds to seven per cent of the universe s entire land country, is affected to some extent by salt ( Rose, 2004 ) . The bulk of the Earth s saline affected land is influence by primary salt ensuing from natural dirt development ( H A ; uuml ; lsebusch et al. , 2007 ) . Arid tropical countries, in peculiar, are capable to possible vaporization that is higher than rainfall, which leads to the rise of H2O to the surface soil where solutes accumulate and salt can happen of course ( H A ; uuml ; lsebusch et a l. , 2007 ) . Australia s waterless and semi-arid countries normally have salt present in the groundwater ( Table 2 ) ( Bridgman, Dragovish, A ; Dodson, 2008 ) . For illustration, the River Darling becomes saline during rough drouth periods and salt concentrations addition in the Hunter Valley when flow diminishes ( Bridgman, Dragovish, A ; Dodson, 2008 ) . Lake Eyre Basin, South Australia The Lake Eyre Basin ( LEB ) , in cardinal Australia, is a mostly level country dominated by semi-arid to arid environmental conditions ( Figure 1 ) ( McMahon et al. , 2008 ) . The country brushs high vaporization rates and spatially and temporally extremely variable rainfall ( Kingsford A ; Porter, 1993 ) . Year unit of ammunition, possible vaporization is normally greater than existent vaporization with mean annual Class A pan vaporization rates of 3300 millimeters ( millimeter ) ( Costelloe et al. , 2008 ) . Average annually rainfall in the LEB ranges from less than 200mm in some countries, up to 700mm in others, with an one-year coefficient of variableness crossing from 0.2 to 0.7 ( McMahon et al. , 2008 ) . Hydrological conditions in the LEB can change between drawn-out periods of 18 to24 months of no flow, to shorter stages where flood of slow-moving inundations can happen ( Costelloe et al. , 2008 ) . The portioning of the stable isotopes of H2O such as d16O/ d18O can be utili sed to find whether vaporization ( enriching/fractionation occurs ) or transpiration ( no fractional process ) occurs ( Costelloe et al. , 2008 ) . In Lake Eyre, the H2O is sodium and chlorine ion dominated with salt changing from about 25 300 mg L-1 and 272 800 mg L-1 ( Kingsford A ; Porter, 1993 ) . The absence of invertebrates and waterfowls in Lake Eyre is thought to be due to salt from increased vaporization during the dry months ( Kingsford A ; Porter, 1993 ) . This salt is besides said to be responsible for monolithic fish putting to deaths that occur as the lake prohibitionists after a inundation period ( Kingsford A ; Porter, 1993 ) . Samples taken in the LEB showed that there was greater enrichment of the isotopic signatures of the surface H2O than the groundwater samples, a merchandise of high rates of vaporization ( Costelloe et al. , 2008 ) . The Diamantina River catchment, a major subscriber of streamflow to Lake Eyre, was found to hold hypersaline, 85,000 mg L-1 , residuary pools in the channel, with a extremely enriched isotopic signature, bespeaking vaporization ( Costelloe et al. , 2008 ) . The Neales River catchment in the LEB demonstrated highly saline groundwater ( 71,000 mg L-1 ) and hypersaline residuary pools of 130,000-150,000 mg L-1 ( Costelloe et al. , 2008 ) . Secondary Salt Secondary salt is caused by adult male made alterations to the hydrological rhythm either through the replacing of native flora with shallow-rooted flora or through the inordinate usage or inefficient distribution of H2O in irrigation for agribusiness ( Beresford et al. , 2001 ; Rose, 2004 ) . Modern anthropogenetic land-use patterns are increasing the country of salt-affected land, which is a major environmental issue ( Bridgman, Dragovish, A ; Dodson, 2008 ) . Estimates of secondary salt impacting the Earth are suggested at around 74 million hectares, with 43 million hectares of that land happening on irrigated land and the staying country on non-irrigated land ( Rose, 2004 ) . In Australia, countries of the Murray Basin and the Mallee part in Victoria ( VIC ) and New South Wales ( NSW ) are affected by dryland and irrigation salt, while irrigation salt impacts the Riverina Plain in VIC and NSW and the Riverland Region in South Australia ( Beresford et al. , 2001 ) . An Ordinary Outlook Essay Impacts Salt can do tree dice back, alterations in ecosystems, loss of productive lands, salt bush growing, eroding, saline groundwater discharge and saline surface H2O ( Beresford et al. , 2001 ; Bridgman, Dragovish, A ; Dodson, 2008 ) . The groundwater that rises as a consequence of dryland salt can incorporate comparatively high sums of salts which consequences in saline oozes emerging where the H2O tabular array intersects the land surface ( Bridgman, Dragovish, A ; Dodson, 2008 ) . If concentrations of Na ions are high plenty, the physical construction of dirts may be wholly degraded from salt ( McDowell, 2008 ) . This is due to the prostration of dirt sums and deflocculation of clay atoms ; compression so occurs and causes decreased permeableness and porousness which restricts H2O storage every bit good as decelerating internal drainage ( McDowell, 2008 ) . Salt can ensue in the impairment of river and watercourse quality, for illustration, in the Murray Darling River system in SA, t he town of Morgan s H2O quality is expected to transcend the desirable imbibing bound of 500 milligrams L 1 sum soluble salts within the following 90 old ages ( Pannell A ; Ewing, 2006 ) . Concentrated salt-affected H2O can travel to come up H2O systems, infiltrate below the root zone or may make an aquifer and contribute to a progressive addition in salt of groundwater, diminishing the H2O quality ( Van Weert, Van der Gun, A ; Reckman, 2009 ) . There can be a greater hazard of large-scale H2O quality jobs due to an addition in escape of saline Waterss from the wedged part ( McDowell, 2008 ) . Increased inundation hazards have besides been identified as an impact of dryland salt as a consequence of shallower H2O tabular arraies which can take to at least a double addition in inundation flows ( Pannell A ; Ewing, 2006 ) . Decisions Salt is a major job throughout the universe, peculiarly in waterless and semi-arid environmental climes. Primary salt is a natural phenomenon that affects dirts and Waterss in periods of high vaporization, transpiration, and low rainfall. This procedure occurs notably in Australia, every bit good as many other states, such as Iran and Pakistan. Secondary salt is human induced from either land glade or irrigation. Numerous states experience dryland salt, such as North America, India, Canada, Thailand, Argentina, and South Africa, every bit good as Australia. States that are affected by irrigation salt include Egypt, Australia, China, Pakistan, Iran, Turkey, India, and Argentina. Generally, salt causes a lessening in the quality of H2O resources and can take to a lessening in measure, if the H2O tabular array has risen well as a consequence, and increased vaporization occurs. Mentions Atis, E 2006, Economic impacts on cotton production due to set down debasement in the Gediz Delta, Turkey, Land Use Policy, 26, pp. 181 186. Beresford, Q, Bekle, H, Phillips, H, A ; Mulcock, J 2001, The Salinity Crisis: Landscapes, Communities and Politics, University of Western Australia Press, Crawley. Bridgman, H, Dragovish, D, A ; Dodson, J 2008, The Australian Physical Environment, Oxford University Press, USA. Costelloe, JF, Payne, E, Woodrow, IE, Irvine, EC, Western, AW, A ; Leaney, FW 2008, Water beginnings accessed by waterless zone riparian trees in extremely saline environments, Australia, Oecologia, 156, pp. 43 52. H A ; uuml ; lsebusch, C, Wichern, F, Hemann, H, A ; Wolff, P ( explosive detection systems. ) 2007, Organic agribusiness in the Tropics and Subtropics Current position and positions Supplement No. 9 to the Journal of Agriculture and Rural Development in the Tropics and Subtropics, Kassel University Press, Germany. Kahlown, MA, Chang, MC, Ashraf, M, Hassan, MS 2003, Salt Affected Soils and their Reclamation: Research Report 4, Pakistan Council of Research in Water Resources, Islamabad. Kendirli, B, Cakmak, B, A ; Ucar, Y 2005, Salinity in the Southeastern Anatolia Project ( Gap ) , Turkey: Issues and Options, Irrigation and Drainage, 54, pp. 115 122. Kingsford, RT, A ; Porter, JL 1993, Waterbirds of Lake Eyre, Australia, Biological Conservation, 65, pp. 141 151. McDowell, RW ( ed. ) 2008, Environmental Impacts of Pasture-Based Farming, CAB International, Oxfordshire. McMahon, TA, Murphy, RE, Peel, MC, Costelloe, JF, A ; Chiew, FHS 2008, Understanding the surface hydrology of the Lake Eyre Basin: Part 1-Rainfall, Journal of Arid Environments, 72, 1853 -1868. Munns, R 2002, Comparative physiology of salt and H2O emphasis, Plant, Cell and Environment, 25, pp. 239 250. Pannell, DJ, A ; Ewing, MA 2006, Pull offing Secondary Dryland Salinity: Options and Challenges, Agricultural Water Management, 80, pp. 41 56. Qadir, M, Qureshi, AS, A ; Cheraghi, SAM 2008, Extent and Characterisation of Salt-Affected Soils in Iran and Strategies for their Amelioration and Management, Land Degradation A ; Development, 19, pp. 214 227. Rose, C 2004, An Introduction to the Environmental Physics of Soil, Water and Watersheds, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Van Weert, F, Van der Gun, J, A ; Reckman, J 2009, Global Overview of Saline Groundwater Occurrence and Genesis, International Groundwater Resources Assessment Centre, Utrecht.

The Dairy Of Lady Murasaki Essays - The Tale Of Genji, Fujiwara Clan

The Dairy of Lady Murasaki Early in history, the male gender has been the dominant force. The male aristocracies has been responsible for producing the writing, arts, and architecture, "which is traditionally consider to be humanity's historical legacy." However, the "silence voice" will not remain silent, because historians have sought them out. Due to the fact, historians have sought the "silence voice" we have been able to learn more about women history. One way they made it possible for us to learn about it is by writing books such as The Dairy of Lady Murasaki. The Dairy of Lady Murasaki is a paramount historical document that marks one of the major turning points in women's history. The book has great insights into the 11th century of women experiences at the court of the Japanese emperor. This is significant because during the height of the Heian Period (794-1192), which Lady Murasaki lived, Japanese had no writing system of their own. Also, it was considered improper for a woman to know how to write Chinese, the writing system Japanese used then. Men were not happy. They wanted to "keep the language of bureaucracy in male's hands." This however, did not stop the women of Japan from striving for success. Women went on and developed the written Japanese language. This was the first attempt woman made in Japanese history, and in their quest to become the "sound voices" instead of the "silence voice." One can compare these women to the famous black man Frederick Douglass. Frederick Douglass had to struggle to learn to read because his slave master did not want him to. Nevertheless, we saw that the more they tried to prevent him from learning, the more he strove for success, just as these women. The Japanese Women did not stop after the development of the written Japanese language. They went on to write poems, prose, and dairies, thus proving to the males that they are capable of writing; also that no one could hold them back from reaching success. Lady Murasaki was one of these women that strove for success. She was the Empress companion and tutor. She had knowledge and court values that she inherited from her father. Due to this she was able to handle her position very well. Though she held her position well, as a consequence of her gender her experience of the court life was different from those of males. She couldn't discuss what she knew about what was going on in the court because of fear of being known as a gossip. We see this when she states, "now if I go and describing for you in this manner, I am sure I will get the reputation for being a gossip, especially if it concerns those close to me. It is so difficult to discuss people I meet every day and I should avoid commenting on anyone about whom I have second thoughts." One can say she feels this way because women were mainly known for gossiping and nothing else in those days. She wanted to know for more then just that. That's why even though Lady Murasaki knew what alm ost everything that was taking place in the court, she kept it between her and her dairy. As one sees, religion is not something that Lady Murasaki paid much attention to. She did not see Shinto and Buddhism as "being traditions in any way commensurate." Her reason for that was Buddhism entered the Japanese court system the merging Indian and Chinese religion was considered unoriginal. There are however many types of Buddhism and ritual side we see in her dairy. "Murasaki herself must have been well aware that Buddhist rituals she saw at court and the path of salvation through the worship of Amida were a root connected." Amidism has "provided the major source of personal solace for these women." Shinto was not an actual system in any sense. It was rather the practice of certain rituals connected with fertility, avoidance of pollution, and pacification of the spirits of myriad gods. Therefore, it was not linked to matters of private concerns. In essence, I accept that such a thing, as "fundamentally gendered experience of history" exists. After reading the diary,

Freakonomics †A Rogue Economist Explores the Hidden Side of Everything †Book Review

Freakonomics – A Rogue Economist Explores the Hidden Side of Everything – Book Review Free Online Research Papers Freakonomics : A Rogue Economist Explores the Hidden Side of Everything Book Review By now we have all heard an interview or two on NPR with journalist Stephen J. Dubner and economist Stephen D. Levitt. Or perhaps a friend talking at work or school about this fascinating book: Freakonomics : A Rogue Economist Explores the Hidden Side of Everything. I was given this book before a weekend trip and I stormed through the 200 pages twice. Once on the plane trip there and again 2 days later on the trip home. It was one of those books that I wanted to talk about with all my friends. As a student I have taken macro and micro economics but the concept of incentives never hit home until I read this book. The idea that economics is a holistic study of humans and an organizations choices was hard to understand. However, in this book the authors explore some interesting questions that are a far cry from the typical corporate scandal article. For example, there are chapters that discuss: How is the Ku Klux Klan like a group of real estate agents? What makes a perfect parent? If drug dealers make so much money, why do they still live with their moms? I recommend this book for anyone who is curious about how the world works. I imagine for an economist there is nothing in this book that is shocking. However, for the average person they will find it full of delight. Perhaps because economics makes so much sense for the first time or perhaps because they feel better about their decision to not become a drug dealer. I give it 4 out of 5 stars and anxiously wait for Dubner and Levitt’s next book Super Freakonomics. Research Papers on Freakonomics - A Rogue Economist Explores the Hidden Side of Everything - Book ReviewBook Review on The Autobiography of Malcolm XHarry Potter and the Deathly Hallows EssayMoral and Ethical Issues in Hiring New EmployeesEffects of Television Violence on ChildrenTrailblazing by Eric AndersonThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationMind TravelPETSTEL analysis of IndiaStandardized TestingThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug Use

Organisational success is determined by effective leadership Essay

Organisational success is determined by effective leadership - Essay Example Rather, different criteria should be used each time that organisational success need to be evaluated. Of course, there are certain factors, such as leadership, that are always capable of affecting organisational success. The relationship between effective leadership and organisational success is explored in this paper. It is proved that the traditional thoughts on effective leadership its relationship with organisational success should be reviewed. Moreover, it has been made clear that the criteria for characterizing a leadership style as effective can be different across countries with different social ethics and culture. In any case, it is made clear that effective leadership can lead to organisational success, even in the long term. 2. Organisational success and leadership 2.1 Organisational success – characteristics The criteria used for evaluating the success of modern organisations can vary. Usually, organisational success is related to the performance of an organisation in terms of employee satisfaction (Sims 2002, p.144). More specifically, it is believed that a high level of employee satisfaction reflects the ability of the firm to communicate with its stakeholders, a condition that its critical for its success (Sims 2002, p.144). ... ccess using the above criteria can be inaccurate mostly because the potentials of each organisation to achieve high profits or to survive in the market are differentiated according to the years of the firm’s presence in the market (Kirby & Watson 2003, p.46). For example, the criteria of growth would be more valuable when referring to ‘the start-up of the organisation’ (Kirby & Watson 2003, p.46). Profitability also should not be used as a criterion for evaluating organisational success in the early years of the firm’s presence in the market (Kirby & Watson 2003, p.46). Rather, profitability would be a critical criterion for evaluating the success of an organisation that has been, already, well established in the local or the international market (Kirby & Watson 2003, p.46). The use of an integrate framework for evaluating organisational success helps to control the risks related to the particular task. The ‘Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Awardâ₠¬â„¢ (Dinsmore & Cabanis-Brewin 2010, p.130) can be considered as such framework. In fact, the above Award is awarded to organisations that meet a series of criteria in regard of quality (Dinsmore & Cabanis-Brewin 2010, p.130). Leadership is the first of these criteria Dinsmore & Cabanis-Brewin 2010, p.130), a fact that verifies the relationship between leadership and organisational success. Other criteria used in the context of the above framework are: ‘strategic planning, customer focus and workforce’ Dinsmore & Cabanis-Brewin 2010, p.130). From another point of view, Cameron & Spreitzer (2011) note that organisational success should not be related only to the financial performance of each organisation. Rather, the success of organisations in the modern market should be based on their ability to promote

Wal-Mart Business Strategy Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Wal-Mart Business Strategy Analysis - Essay Example Wal-Mart draws its competitive edge in the market owning to its efficient supply chain management. The company has effectively used innovations and technology to generate efficiency in supply chain management that has helped it to fuel its highly acclaimed EDLP (Every Day Low Price) strategy. Behind this successful strategy lies technological innovations like cross docking and use of Enterprise Resource Planning to integrate various business units and generate cost effectiveness. The use of real time information system to forecast demand has helped Wal-Mart to ensure that demand forecasting is done on the basis of real time data. Wal-Mart has also integrated its suppliers with the system and also used the famous cross docking system to ensure reduced inventory carrying costs. The supply chain management of the company has helped ensure that there are no overstocking or stock outs. This has reduced the inventory carrying costs by a huge margin. The cost benefits gathered from the inve ntory management of the company has been used to fuel the company’s Every Day Low Price strategy (Bergdahl, 2008, p.20). However in recent times there have been numerous issues with regards to the company’s cost reduction strategy with reports that Wal-Mart sources low quality goods from third world countries so as to have goods with low price. In order to counter the latest bashings regarding the company, Wal-Mart initiated a slew of measures that ranged from measures to improve the social image of the organization.... This has reduced the inventory carrying costs by a huge margin. The cost benefits gathered from the inventory management of the company has been used to fuel the company’s Every Day Low Price strategy (Bergdahl, 2008, p.20). However in recent times there have been numerous issues with regards to the company’s cost reduction strategy with reports that Wal-Mart sources low quality goods from third world countries so as to have goods with low price. In order to counter the latest bashings regarding the company, Wal-Mart initiated a slew of measures that ranged from measures to improve the social image of the organization as well as promoting employee friendly policies that would have helped it to position its image as a socially responsible and employee friendly organization. In response to the bashings in various quarters, Wal-Mart increased the employee insurance cover for the employees and included both permanent as well as contractual staff. It also revamped its reward and incentive policies in order to project the company as an employee friendly organization caring towards the needs of the employees. Wal-Mart also initiated some community development programs such as eliminating wastage and use of recyclable products in order to showcase its environmental sustainability; it also planned means to reduce energy consumption. For the customers, the company initiated a new design for its stores and also came up with attractive offers and new discounts in order to project a customer friendly image of the company. Strict quality control standards were implemented for suppliers including use of eco friendly ways in their business processes. In addition to this Wal-Mart also took up measures in which it would work closely with their suppliers in order to